SOCIAL SCIENCES Introductory Unit (page 4 the last) Introductory Unit

INTRODUCTORY UNIT: GEOGRAPHY AS A SCIENCE. MAPS AS THE MAIN TOOL IN GEOGRAPHY.

SUMMARY

PAGE 4

9. MAPS TODAY. COMPUTING OR DIGITAL MAPPING:

G.I.S. stands for GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

DEFINITION: any information system that captures, manages, analizes and displays all forms of geographically referenced information.

MAIN APPLICATIONS:

- Resource management

- Environmental impact assessment

- Urban planning

- Logistics

Etc.

G.P.S. stands for GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

DEFINITION: global navigation satellite system which provides reliable positioning, navigation and timing services to worldwide users on a continuous basis.

MAIN APPLICATIONS:

- Calculate and programme routes for planes, ships, cars and people.

REMOTE SENSING

DEFINITION: science or technique of acquiring information about the Earth's surface without being in contact with it.

SCIENTIFIC BASIS: all bodies emitte or reflect electromagnetic energy sensed and recorded in digital format by sensors installed on satellites.

MAIN APPLICATIONS:

- Weather forecast

- Coastal management

- Crop control

- Evaluate damages of natural disasters

Etc.

10. WORKING WITH MAPS:

PROBLEMS WITH SCALE

Example: - map scale 1: 20,000,000

- real distance between London and Rome?

* Measure with a ruler the distance on the map: 8 cm.

* Multiply the distance measured on the map by the scale denominator:

10 cm x 20,000,000=100,000,000 cm.

* Change cm to km: 100,000,000 cm : 1000 km.

SOCIAL SCIENCES Introductory Unit (Page 3)

INTRODUCTORY UNIT: GEOGRAPHY AS A SCIENCE. MAPS AS THE MAIN TOOL IN GEOGRAPHY.

SUMMARY

PAGE 3

6. ELEMENTS OF A MAP:

The most important ones are:

- TITTLE

- SCALE

- KEY

Other elements:

- ARROW POINTING NORTH

- PROJECTION

- GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES (PARALLELS & MERIDIANS)

7. TYPES OF MAP (classification):

a) According to the information provided:

- TOPOGRAPHIC: they represent all visible and some non-visible aspects of the land.

- THEMATIC: they represent specific themes or issues.

b) According to the scale:

- SMALL SCALE MAPS: more than 1: 500,000

- MEDIUM SCALE MAPS: between 1: 500,000 and 1: 50,000

- LARGE SCALE MAPS: between 1: 50,000 and 1: 5,000

- VERY LARGE SCALE MAPS OR CITY PLANS: less than 1: 5,000

8. LOCALIZATION ON A MAP:

TYPE

RELATIVE

ABSOLUTE

TECHNIQUE USED

FOR RELATIVE LOCALIZATION

- Clues to know the aprox. location of a place

- Point of the compass

FOR ABSOLUTE LOCALIZATION

- Geographical coordinates

ELEMENTS

RELATIVE LOCALIZATION

- Near, at the back of, opposite to, etc.

- N, S, E and W

ABSOLUTE LOCALIZATION

Parallels (LATITUDE 0-90º N or S) and Meridians (LONGITUDE 0-180º E or W).

SOCIAL SCIENCES 3 Introductory Unit (pages 1, 2)

INTRODUCTORY UNIT: GEOGRAPHY AS A SCIENCE. MAPS AS THE MAIN TOOL IN GEOGRAPHY.

SUMMARY

PAGE 1

1. DEFINITION:

Science dealing with the study of the distribution of any phenomena in the Earth's surface, as well as the interaction of human beings with the environment.

2. NATURAL SCIENCES deal with the study of nature, whereas SOCIAL SCIENCES deal with the study of societies and human activities.

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY focuses on geography as an Earth Science and therefore a natural science. It is concerned with the physical characteristics and processes of the lithosphere, hidrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY focuses on geography as a social science. It is concerned mainly with human activities, overall those related to the interaction of humans with the environment.

3. APPROACHES TO GEOGRAPHICAL STUDIES:

SYSTEMATIC (GENERAL) GEOGRAPHY is concerned with the formulation of general laws and principles applied to all the Earth, e.g. the study of erosion processes.

REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY analyses regions in order to understand or define their unique characteristics, e.g. the study of the Extremadura peneplain (penillanura).

PAGE 2

4. DEFINITION (map):

A flat representation of the Earth's surface made at scale.

5. MAKING MAPS:

PROBLEMS:

• The Earth is a sphere (a non-developable surface), so it cannot be represented in a plane.
• The Earth is too large to be represented in a map.
• The Earth's surface has 3D, while a map is 2D.
• The Earth' s surface is complex with a huge amount of info to represent in a small map.

SOLUTIONS:

• CARTOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS.
• SCALE.
• CONTOUR LINES.
• CARTOGRAPHIC GENERALIZATION (USE OF SYMBOLS).

ARE THE SOLUTIONS DEFINITIVE?

• No. Some distortions always remain in any type of projection. The smaller the scale, the largest the distortions.
• Yes.
• Almost definitive: height is exact in contour lines, but not in the space between them.
• Non definitive, but symbols are useful for most purposes.

INFORMATION FOR MAPS CAN BE OBTAINED BY...

• DIRECT OBSERVATION (FIELDWORK).
• INDIRECT OBSERVATION (AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH & REMOTE SENSING).

4º ESO. Absolute value Inequalities

En esta página tenéis ejemplos de cómo resolver inecuaciones en las que aparecen valores absolutos.

http://www.mathwarehouse.com/absolute-value/inequalities/how-to-solve-absolute-value-inequalities.php

Además, en la parte de abajo te dejan plantear "cualquiera" de estas inecuaciones, y te muestran paso a paso cómo se resuelve.

Por otra parte, tenéis este vídeo  de la "academia Khan", donde explican cómo se resuelven las inecuaciones

http://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-inequalities/v/absolute-value-inequalities

[4ºESO] Fracciones Algebraicas (Worked Out Examples)

Aquí os dejo los ejercicios resueltos sobre fracciones algebraicas.

[4ºESO] Polynomials and Algebraic Fractions. Worked Out Trial Exam

Here you are a copy of the trial exam for last unit, which I gave out last wednesday.

The copy I am leaving here includes worked out solutions, so you can check if yours are right. I hope everyone can check his solutions for tomorrow, and so spend the class solving your doubts.

Anyway, we are correcting the trial exam tomorrow Monday.

My opinion on Babe

I like this book because when I was smaller I saw the movie once or twice and I liked it very much and now I'm happy to read it, also it is easy.
It is a story about a pig called Babe that works with the sheep in the field. Also, he wins a contest, but I don't tell more because I want that you read the book, because I believe that you will like it a lot.